The Role of Washington Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Role of Washington - Coursework Example State sovereignty is usually under threat from the federal’s influential role in stirring state policies and initiatives (Cropf, 2008). In essence, the federal government is legally obliged to provide general funding to all states. However, the federal government bargains for excess power by attaching funding with regulations. Quite often, failure of compliance with federal regulations jeopardizes a state’s possibility of receiving full share of the general funding from the national government. Eventually, state governments are beholden to Washington, leaving state officials with limited resistance in policy formulation and implementation. Personally, I believe that the federal government has taken the lead in steering state politics towards national fronts. Despite the dominance of state sovereignty in formulation and adoption of state policies, it is acknowledgeable that federal supremacy often lurks behind any important initiative passed by each US state. For example in October 2013, California was under threat from the federal government concerning education policies in the state. California state officials exercised their sovereignty by implementing tailor-made testing in schools. However, the testing proposed by California officials failed to comply with federal rules on education (Elysse, 2013). Consequently, federal officials threatened to withhold $15 million in education funds from California, unless the non-compliant policies were tuned to the rhythm of the federal government. Consequently, California caved in under the immense pressure of federal influence in the state’s education policies. In this regard, I think the federal government champions development and implementation of policies at both the state and national

Mild Mental Retardation Related focused on pediatric population and Research Paper

Mild Mental Retardation Related focused on pediatric population and communication disorders - Research Paper Example To establish a diagnosis of mental retardation, the intelligence has to be atleast 2 standard deviations less than the mean intelligent quotient. Mental retardation can be categorized into mild, moderate, severe and profound based on the intelligent quotient and of these, mild mental retardation (MMR) accounts for more than 85 percent of the cases. The intelligent quotient is between 50-55 to 70 and the standard deviation below mean is 2-3. According to Reschly (2009), "MMR was the official designation of a level of MR that involved current intellectual functioning performance between 2 and 3 standard deviations below the population mean and significant limitations in some, but not all, facets of everyday adaptive functioning." The DSM (2005) criteria for mental retardation includes "significantly sub-average intellectual functioning- an IQ of approximately 70 or below, trouble with functioning in multiple areas of life and onset before age 18." Since those with MMR do not have much biological or physical involvement, there is no biological stigmata associated with the diagnosis (Nadelson, 2001). On the other hand, in those with levels of mental retardation beyond MMR, the diagnosis is often made in preschool years and the setting of identification is usually a health care system (Reschly, 2009). The comprehensiveness of the individual is poor and affects performance of the individuals in all social setting and also functional roles. Biological stigmata is always present with the diagnosis (Reschly, 2009). Diagnosis of MMR is often complex and also controversial because of lack of unequivocal symptoms and signs (Hegde and Pomaville, 2008). The diagnosis of MMR was recognized formally about a century ago and has been described in the earlier versions of American Association on Mental Retardation Disabilities (Reschly, 2009). When compared to other levels of mental retardation, MMR is usually not diagnosed until the child attains school age and the diagnosis usua lly occurs subsequent to referral from the class teacher of the child for suboptimal academic performance. Individuals with MMR typically do not exhibit any physical characteristics, neither do they have much impairment of comprehension (Reschly, 2009). When compared to other levels of mental retardation, MMR is usually not diagnosed until the child attains school age and the diagnosis usually occurs subsequent to referral from the class teacher of the child for suboptimal academic performance. Individuals with MMR typically do not exhibit any physical characteristics, neither do they have much impairment of comprehension (Reschly, 2009). Recent formulations for grading the severity of mental retardation are based on the levels of support needed rather than intelligent quotient. This is because; support levels are anyway related conceptually to impairment levels. Four levels of support are described in this regard and they are analogous to the four levels of impairment used earlier (Reschley, 2009). In this essay, communication problems, their evaluation tools, and treatment will be discussed with reference to MMR. Since there are several causes of MMR and it is beyond the purview of this essay to discuss them, one cause of MMR, the William syndrome will be discussed. Speech and language characteristics of the disorder The permanence in MMR is variable and its identification is unlike during preschool age period and adulthood.

Examine the three theoretical models of opportunity recognition Essay

Examine the three theoretical models of opportunity recognition - Essay Example In our second section, we de-construct the factors that impact opportunity recognition. Here, we explain the various ways in which cognition impacts opportunity recognition. In our third section, we study the influence of human and social capital on the opportunity recognition process. In our fourth and last section, we summarize the arguments and provide concluding remarks. I. Opportunity Recognition: theoretical constructs The capacity to identify and spot a successful business opportunity is the hallmark of a preliminary stage in any new entrepreneurial venture creation (Ardichvili, Cardozo & Ray 2003). Once an opportunity is recognized, the individual then proceeds to analyze it through different angles. What distinguishes an individual’s capability to identify the right opportunity? This forms the basis of the discussion for our paper. When we extend the unit of analysis from an individual to a firm, then we can also infer that opportunity recognition follows from a caref ul, analytical process (Denrell, Fang & Winter 2003). Possibly, we could conclude that an individual may not possess all the resources that are at the disposal of a firm, yet an individual develops his or her own methods to evaluate a business opportunity. ... These form the broad backbone of the opportunity recognition process. Shane (2003 p.60) also lists out three factors that influence the possibility of gaining information access: 1) prior life and work experience, 2) the social network structure and 3) information search. Previous experiences in a particular field helps people gain awareness and confidence about the domain. Sometimes, this translates into a deeper capacity for identifying unexplored business possibilities within the chosen business realm (Bishop 2011). Again, if the individuals belong to a family that has predominantly focused on their own businesses, this could influence them to spot business opportunities more easily. In essence, family occupation could influence individuals’ attitude and thought processes about business. Certain functional domains could also guide individuals towards entrepreneurial domains. For examples, people with more exposure to sales and marketing tend to have a good grasp of the mark et. They understand consumer behavior to some extent and can appreciate the process flow of business. This could be one factor that gives them an entrepreneurial spirit. Membership of a network also assists in the opportunity recognition process. Ozgen & Baron (2007) suggest that individuals may gain information about new business ventures from their mentors, business networks and professional associations. For individuals who have been entrepreneurs before, this would help them identify new business ideas more easily (Ucbasaran, Westhead & Wright 2009). Networks could be formal ones such as that of colleagues sharing the same work function at the employer’s premises. Another possibility is a group that meets informally after

Moral and Ethical Principles in Public Policy Essay

Moral and Ethical Principles in Public Policy - Essay Example Public policy is what our individual representatives in Parliament choose to do, or not to do, about public problems that can have nationwide consequences. There are also public policy advocates that help bring public problems to the attention of Government on behalf of their clients and help Government made sound decisions or try to influence legislation in the favor of their client’s interests. Thus the actors or participants in public policy matters are primarily the Government functionaries, lobbyists and social pressure groups and other autonomous and semi-autonomous agencies. This paper will discuss the importance of public policy, actors in the policy macro-environment and their contributions, influences and value in shaping of public policy for a nation. The Importance of Public Policy A policy is a stated way of getting things done. It gives the procedures to effect a certain task in a given environment. It states rules and regulations under which business is to be co nducted or a course of action is to be pursued. Policies are guides to action. It may also happen that when a certain course of action has been adopted and is followed consistently by a number of people or groups with no adverse consequences noted for quite a while, that in time becomes public policy regarding that matter. Public policy is said to define a way of life for society, in terms of acceptable behavior and rules and norms that become codes of conduct in that particular culture. It reflects what society regards as important to uphold and preserve in its actions and codes of conduct in dealing with others as well as each other. Actors in the Public Policy Macro-Environment Politics, like diplomacy, is the art of the possible. It is the authority and power to do what is right, to follow the will of the mass of the people, in choosing our actions and their legislation. We are what we do, and the same is true of society, as its moral principles are enshrined in its code of cond uct and rules of law. Public policies reflect society’s most important matters and choices. There may also be a conflict of values, in which case a majority vote determines what is to be done or what receives priority over others. Actors in the public policy environment are the policy advocates, representatives at different levels of Government and in committees, commentators, lobbyists and others. At the highest level, it includes the President, the Governors of various States and members of the Legislature. At lower levels, it may involve school boards, the Mayor or the City Council. Of course, the type and number of actors involved in a particular public policy decision depend on its importance and reach- the number of people it is supposed to affect (Howlett, 1991). Do All the Actors Play Out the Roles They are Given Effectively? There has been considerable debate over whether the present procedures for enactment and consideration of public policy initiatives are sufficie nt to meet the purpose for which they were designed. Many a time it has been felt that we are proceeding at a snail’s pace when an important decision needs to be made.

Investigation of cultural influences and impact on CSR Dissertation

Investigation of cultural influences and impact on CSR - Dissertation Example If it appears the target is not to be attained, then the procedure is reviewed and revised midway to avoid further waste of resources. Results are important at Toyota. INT 2: Oh, yes so you’ve read that article about â€Å"Americanness†? Well, I would not put it exactly that way, that’s too black and white. But in more general terms, yes, Toyota wants to be perceived as a global company, a company that is a citizen of the world, so to speak. Whenever academicians talk of Japanese corporate culture, however, they typically cite Toyota. True, we embody a lot of the management philosophies that are associated with â€Å"Japanese† management, like just-in-time, etc., but I would prefer to think that we have a culture of constant quality improvement depending on the purpose of the business, not merely because the company is originally Japanese. (2) A survey and selection of social issues, among many, that the company may effectively address Which issues are rel evant to your host country? Of those that are relevant, kindly describe the context or particulars in which they are considered relevant. What other issues other than those mentioned would you think are relevant? Has your company chosen to address these issues through the CSR program? If not, why? If yes, why have these issues been chosen and others have not? INT 1: Toyota is undergoing a bit [actually a lot] of controversy because of the millions of cars it has had to recall in the past years. So there is the issue of consumer safety right there. The company used to be known for precise safety engineering and not sacrificing on quality or safety for the sake of profit, but the way it appears now we are giving the impression that we are remiss. It is management’s task to bring the point home strongly that we are not neglectful, our mass production system and uniformity of component design across several vehicles just worked against us publicity wise. INT 2: I see my colleague talked to you about the recalls. Other than this, however, is the issue of Toyota being supposedly against more aggressive greenhouse emission reductions. There was some publicity about the company supposedly lobbying to extend the deadline for compliance. I would say that this is not true to the best of my knowledge. Toyota is always at the forefront of green technology, and of transparency in corporate governance as well. The company should have done better, however, in terms of publicity damage control. I think the public liaison had delayed in its response. It should not have reached the point where our company president should have been summoned [at the Congressional hearing]. If the publicity had been addressed sooner, he should have been spared having to explain personally. While there is nothing wrong in a company president speaking for his company, the face-off between the American government on one hand, and a Japanese leader on the other hand, could rub the wrong way for people who remember the war and Japan’s emperor being made to sign the articles of surrender – you know. (3) Mapping out a course of action and devising a program plan to address the selected issues Given the issues your company has selected, what program plans were arrived at to address them? How are these programs planned out? INT 1: I think you will find more of this in the company annual report. The programs are given

Pop Music Has It Gone Too Far Essay Example for Free

Pop Music Has It Gone Too Far Essay Has Pop music gone too far some might say yes some might say no but to some extent everyone would agree but how can you judge this by standard of the generation and how the artist changed it as well as how you would think the next generation would react. hen we began the course it started with rock and rollers wearing suits and dancing with a 1-2 step then coming to 2013 which Ithink the second teen idol era such as Justin Bieber or Katy Perry or even worse the Kardashians but even now compare them to the likes of Fabian teen idols of the late 50s-60s who are taking the rolls of Elvis and such should be noted than filming of Elvis from the waist down was prohibited at a time then to half naked women for the sake of getting a gold record and a couple of bucks but then there was jim morrison waving around his penis on stage but it can be said he was under influence of several things. But all in all I Say that yes it has gotten too far . Pop music can be said to be always changing because the change from RB to hip hop did not happen without a huge change like rock and roll and san francisco but when you say something is extreme the next generation will take it as the norm say when 80s rock and roll started making sex related music videos which was considered ridiculous today its everywhere my cousin who was listening to songs like stronger or E. however her mom had no problem . One of the biggest thing I Seen arise is that it injected itself into our culture just like a virus from well dressed clean cut to leather pants and jackets and crazy cuts but it began with the beatles who simply got long hair. Or when KIss stated wearing leather and make up the youth followed proving that it was no longer anti-culture it was culture and changing america for better or worse. Another thing that crossed my mind is that good is bad and bad is good when the rolling stones crossed this path they set a whole world of problems but how far can you go for record sales once it was love, peace and tolerance then it turned to sex drugs and rock and roll while the singers who were in tune were dismissed while screamers were considered the best. But some may not think this is a big deal, it is pop music but I Would think death would change one’s mind. Jimi Hendrix one of the best guitarists died due to â€Å"misadventure† aka he overdosed as well as jim morrison taking their own lives the best of the san francisco style dead, pop music took these â€Å"tortured† souls but it can be said that they had it coming to them how about the fans, ordinary people for example say Altamont Free Concert what could go wrong Free concert with world famous acts what could go wrong. Drugs and alcohol can. The rolling stones here tried to skip the police and decided that they can do whatever they wanted , they were a pop artist group of course, so they decided to hire the hells Angels and with the drugs and fight music a brawl broke out between a fan and to members which ended with the death of Meredith Hunter who was stabbed to death by the security personnel and it was caught on tape. Or when the prince of darkness decided to write a song about suicide (suicide solution) a teenaged John McCollum decided to kill himself . he lyrics went†Where to hide, suicide is the only way out Dont you know what its really about Wine is fine but whiskeys quicker Suicide is slow with liquor Take a bottle, drown your sorrows Then it floods away tomorrows† this song at the least suggests suicide if not promoting it . Being bad may bring in platinum records and #1 hits but when people start dying bad is not good any more it’s bad. Rock and roll was once full of well dressed mannered people the Beatles be a good example and early on their lyrics meant well elvis sang about love and moondogs then Jimi hendrixs start humping his guitar on fire then the who started breaking equipment , The rolling stones started shooting heroin on stage, ozzy osbourne bit the heads off a bat and Jim morrison exposed himself and I doubt all they sung about was love me do and twist and shout the lyrics esuculated from â€Å"in benefit of mr. ite† to Prince saying incest is ok or when twisted sister said to shoot them down with a _______ gun then Venom advising â€Å"Welcome to my sacrifice Plunge the dagger in her breast† then ice-t saying to kill police or when blackie lawless is acting out sex with a saw . The lyrics are what sells albums Eminem and 2pac both are one of the most successful rap artists ever and yet there lyrics call for killing cops homophobia and songs against women. In a song Eminem or marshall mathers once said that there would be the same amounts of drug addicts and murders without me something I Doubt. The more famous the artist the more influence they have charles manson said that the Beatles were prophets . Going back in time there was a time when music was a time where music was an extra part of life which was recreational and now we hang on every last word of our favorite artist say swag which was reintroduced by T.  I jay-y as well as justin bieber and it is still around and dont forget YOLO which was created by drake but it seems though as it is dying out but hats, shirts and bracelets were made and this is where it begins to push the limits when people live their live based upon these word which in a way is no different than Charles Manson. Or when Wiz Khalifa is so open about his weed addiction and so many of my former friends started because of him or even earlier when Dr. dre started and when people take pills because eminem did it or acid because the beatles were cool. hen people say pop music artist does this it becomes a religion like following like how a good christian would follow the teachings of jesus they are following the ideals of pop stars and became the center of everything as John Lennon once said†Were more popular than Jesus now† or when Kendrick Lamar Says†Depending on what you expecting, Im sure its bigger than your religion†After this course I’m wondering where is the responsibility of these Musicians who control the public when are they saying not to listen to them but they want to be heard so if you do go to F.  Y. E and pick up a Marshall mathers lp the responsibility is given to the parents as there is a little text box saying parental advisory for us to have to w orry about those things itself proves that Pop music has gone too far as you wouldnt let your child listen to Eminem or Ozzy And you would not let your parents hear you listening to them I think thats the limit when it starts to on Prentice Hall, 2006.

Hollyoaks and targeted Essay Example for Free

Hollyoaks and targeted Essay My soap opera is going to be on channel 4 because my soap is going to be similar to Hollyoaks and targeted at a younger audience. Itll be aimed at younger people because my cast is mostly young adults or late teens, but their will also be older characters to play the motherly/fatherly figures. My soap opera is going to be on at 20:30 so it doesnt clash with any big soaps like Coronation Street, Eastenders, Emmerdale or Hollyoaks. I also chose channel 4 because when my soap finishes at 21:00 Big Brother starts and this is one of the most popular programmes of all time so this may make people watch my soap preparing for Big Brother and may attract more viewers. Characters. Sam Cole-22- Captain of Newcastle A. F. C very popular and rich. Has a girlfriend called Chantelle who is mainly after his money and fame. He is also under stress most of the time because of some photos of him breaking the law. Chantelle Young-20- Sams girlfriend who is a model and is usually away on business, she is also secretly having a affair with Sams best friend Sol Patton. Sol Patton-28- Quiet character, is having an affair with Chantelle, and for his career at Newcastle A. F. C has been a victim of racism. Frank Mullen-65- Manager of Newcastle A. F. C, is very precise about how he likes things and because he is so rich and famous he always gets what he wants. Hates the paparazzi because they portray people as other things. Kieran Patrick-17- Youngest footballer at Newcastle A. F. C is the football wonder boy, his nickname is paddy and he and his mother are very close. Trisha Patrick-48- Kierans mother, she has also just been diagnosed with cancer and is scared because her husband died due to cancer. Terry Ord-32- Coach of Newcastle A. F. C is very strict with the players and in the past hit some of them. Nikki Davies-21- Little model who wants to be a footballers wife, goes to all the VIP parties to try and get a rich and famous boyfriend. Beverly Patton-70- Sols grandma, she knows everything about Sol and the racism she trys and helps him through life being the motherly figure. Stephen Thompson-25- Sam Coles x-best friend, used Sam for who he was to get money. Villain of the soap. Lea Mac-43- Cleaner at Newcastle A. F. C also the villain of the soap as she is sneaky and steals from the football club. David Ellison- Newcastle A. F. C secretary, rich powerful man. Settings My soap is based around Tyne and Wear and Northumberland. Newcastle A. F. C football ground-home to all the players for when they arent at home. Linden Hall- Big posh housing estate where most of the players and manager lives. Quayside- All the footballers and footballers wives meet up here to drink and have meals. Very up to date venue and very expensive. Metro Centre- A big shopping centre where all the players and players wives shop, special car park and restaurant so the news reporters or paparazzi dont see them. Morpeth- Quiet little town where players meet up so nobody can find them and they are not being followed by the paparazzi and the crazy fans. The slug lettuce- A posh restaurant in the Quayside where all VIP parties are held and also where players eat and drink. Storylines. Sol Patton starts receiving racist postcards through the door and is worried because he doesnt know who is sending them. He has suffered from racism all his time at Newcastle but nothing has come through his door and the reason he is worried is because they know where he lives. He tells his grandma Beverly and she tells him to go straight to the police but he doesnt want the tabloids knowing what is going on. Sol is also having an affair with Chantelle and when he tells her what he has been receiving she doesnt seem to bothered, and Sol is guessing if maybe it his her because she knows where he lives. Sol pays someone to trick Chantelle but instead of tricking her they go straight to the papers and everyone is guessing who is sending them. Sol confronts Chantelle and she says it is not her, but when one of the postcards has finger prints on he takes it to the police and they find out that it was Terry Ord the coach. The reason he was sending them was to make Sol play better so the racism would disappear. Terry gets a i 15,000 fine for internal harm and is thrown out of Newcastle A. F. C Sam and Stephen are out drinking in Morpeth in a quite pub. Sam is talking about how he misses Chantelle because she has been at work for a while and hasnt been home, Stephen suggests he takes some heroin to loosen himself up, Sam isnt to found of the idea but Stephen persuades him. They both go to the toilet and while Sam is sniffing his first ever line Stephen grabs his phone and starts taking pictures. At first Sam isnt to bothered because the drugs were getting to him but as they leave the pub later that night Sam asked him to delete them Stephen says no and says if Sam doesnt give him what he wants then he will give them to the press. Sam is scared and goes home waiting for Stephen to ring him. When Stephen rings him he says he wants i 12,000 for the phone Sam agrees and meets up with him. They exchange the money for the phone but when Stephen left his car crashed with something faulty on the car. Sam is the only suspect and gets all over the newspaper. But the case is dropped when there was a breakthrough with the case ands someone stepped forward saying they purposefully fiddled with the brakes. Trisha Patrick is diagnosed with breast cancer but it is too late to cure it and the doctors say she only has a year at the most to live. She wanted to hide it from Kieran but in an argument over him moving in with a team mate she says she wants to spend as much time as possible with him because she only has a year to live with cancer. Kieran is upset and says he is going to give up football so he can spend the rest of his mothers life with her. Trisha says she doesnt want him to miss out on his football but he says he is spending all his time with his mam no matter what anyone says. His mam finally gives up her fight and says she wants to move away, Kieran agrees and they end up leaving for America. Kieran left in that way so he can return in the future. Chantelle is sick of Sam whinging about Stephens death so she goes to the Slug Lettuce. There she met Sol who she told what was the matter and he told her about his past. As they were talking they were drinking quite heavily and one thing led to another. Sol asked her if she wanted to go back to his house for a drink she agreed but they ended up having sexual intercourse Sol regrets it but Chantelle thinks its more of a chance for fame and money. Sol begs her not to tell anyone or his career will be over Chantelle agrees but says they must keep seeing each other. Sol agrees because he wants no one knowing about them. Later in their affair there is a hitch when manager Frank sees them kissing. He confronts Sol and Sol says theres nothing going on so he goes and sees Chantelle she says that he is threatening her. Frank tries to handle it but it gets loose to the papers and Sol still says nothing ever happened but Chantelle says he threatened her over the relationship because he had no one else. Lea Mac who has worked as a cleaner at Newcastle A. F. C for eleven years has been recently stealing from the safe. She finds the safe key code in Franks draw and has a look inside she cannot resist and takes a batch of money. She takes i 20,000 over a year and thinks she isnt going to get found out. Secretary David Ellison noticed the Clubs money is disappearing. David asks manager Frank if he has taken any he says no and says if theres money missing its Davids fault because he is in charge of it. David knows its someone in the staff so he puts a new code on the safe and asks to see all the staffs bank balances for the past 6 months, everyone agrees to show there balances apart from Lea who fleas the club. The police find out and chase her down they find her and she gets three year in prison and all her belongings repossessed.