Homelessness and Affordable Housing in Texas

Homelessness and Affordable Housing in Texas Ethics: Texas Homeless Network Samantha Maggiani Ethics are a critical component in any profession. This is particularly true for professions rooted in health or other human services. Professional ethics are at the core of the Social Work profession and are utilized when focused attention is needed on ethical issues that arise in practice. Ethical codes provide insight on ethical norms, provide guidance for ethically informed decisions, and contribute to the strengthening of professional identity (Warren, 2014). The literature and research on professional ethics has considerably expanded in recent years and many professional training programs address ethical issues. This awareness of ethical issues is necessary in a field like social work because of the complex ethical dimensions of practice. Social Workers often serve disenfranchised or vulnerable populations taking on a variety of roles and responsibilities. The profession focuses on the client and encourages taking a person-centered, humanistic approach to services. This approac h lends itself to ethical dilemmas as practioners are involved in very personal, sometimes life changing events with their clients. Because of this, it is important that professional ethics remain at the core of the work of social workers and other human service workers. Ethics are of extreme importance to Texas Homeless Network (THN) and are a value identified in their Guiding Principles to Service. THN works to provide exemplary standards of ethical behavior and believes it is imperative to achieving its mission (THN.org, 2015). THN does not provide direct services to clients. Rather, THN works with service providers and individuals working to end homelessness in Texas. Although they do not assist clients directly, staff at THN still encounters ethical dilemmas in practice. For example, a current ethical dilemma identified in practice is related to Source of Income Protections advocacy work. In April 2014, the city of Austin amended its housing discrimination ordinance to add â€Å"lawful sources of income† as a protected class. The ordinance classifies lawful sources of income as non-employment income such as social security benefits, child support, and tenant-based rental assistance otherwise known as housing vouchers. This amendment was approved unanimously by city council and was intended to increase housing opportunities for low income families, working poor, disabled, veterans, and the elderly. Austin City Council adopted this amendment in response to the large amount of fair housing complaints and increasing economic segregation the city was experiencing. Another piece of evidence supporting the ordinance was a 2014 Austin Tenant’s Council survey that found 91 percent of private landlords across five area counties who own units within a voucher price range refused to accept Section 8 vouchers (Austin Tenants Council, 2014). This refusal to accept vouchers concentrates voucher holders in areas of high crime, high poverty, and low performing schools, thus exacerbating the problems around economic segregation and economic mobility. Immediately after the ordinance was passed, the Austin Apartment Association (AAA) filed a lawsuit claiming the ordinance â€Å"contravenes both state and federal law† demanding it be declared invalid and unenforceable. Their argument is that private property owners have the right to use it as he/she sees fit as long as overt discrimination is not involved. The AAA says that their members are not refusing to rent to Black or Hispanic applicants because of their race and therefore no discriminatio n is taking place. On February 27, 2015 Federal District Judge Sam Sparks rejected the AAA’s request for an injunction that would have blocked the implementation of the ordinance. The court ruled that the AAA failed in its â€Å"burden of demonstrating a substantial likelihood of success on the merits† of the case noting that although some burden is placed on the landlord the ordinance was advancing â€Å"an obvious legitimate government interests of ensuring low-income, minority populations have access to affordable housing.†(Sparks, 2015) The judge also ruled that â€Å"the AAA was violating the liberty to contract or not to contract†¦except as restricted by antitrust, antidiscrimination, and other statues.†(Sparks, 2015) Judge Spark’s ruling allowed the City of Austin to continue working on implementation of the fair housing ordinance but now Texas’ lawmakers are getting involved. Legislators from around the state have introduced legislation that would reverse Austin’s Source of Income protections, as well as legislation that would not allow local municipalities to enact or implement similar ordinances that are more restrictive than state law. This attempt to turn the legislature into an appellate court is in response to Austin’s fair housing ordinance and other local more controversial ordinances, such as identifying LGBTQ as a protected class for housing. The proposed legislation would restrict local governments from enacting locally driven solutions for issues such as fair and affordable housing. The topic of housing discrimination of voucher holders has many ethical concerns. On one side is the AAA and its members who claim that the American system of laws and ethics allow them to rent to whomever they choose as long as they provide safe housing for all residents. On a different side of the ethical debate is the National Association of Social Workers that posits six ethical standards that are relevant to the professional activities of all social workers, some of which are directly related to this issue. For example, an ethical dilemma that THN has identified related to housing discrimination is (1) the responsibility to our clients to promote their well-being and (2) to respect and promote their right to self-determination (NASW, 2008). For this example, a caseworker is helping his/her client obtain and secure permanent housing with the use of a housing voucher. Ideally, the client would be given the opportunity to choose where he/she wanted to live and the case worker shoul d respect that client’s right to self-determination and autonomy and diligently help the client obtain their housing of choice. If the property owner does not accept vouchers, it is then the caseworker’s responsibility to serve as a liaison between the client and property management to educate property management and build a relationship for the client. This is where the ethical dilemma arises. As the social worker in this situation, does the client’s right to autonomy and self-determination trump the landlord’s right to the same? Do we restrict those rights to our clients and no one else? What if the landlord feels disenfranchised by the ordinance from the city taking away his property rights to choose who he wants to serve? These are all questions related to ethics that social workers must pay very close attention to in a situation like the one described. The factors impacting this dilemma on a micro level relate to the client and the landlords. If a client does not get the choice to live outside of high poverty, low opportunity areas, then the likelihood of his/her progressing toward self-sufficiency and success could decrease. For the property owners, they argue that their freedom to run their business as they see fit is unnecessarily, and illegally, compromised. On a macro level, not addressing the issue and accepting apartment owner’s ability to have a â€Å"no Section 8† policy would only intensify the already dire economic segregation and goes against the social work value to challenge social injustice. Based on analysis of the consequences of not implementing an ordinance like the one in Austin, as well as the actions and other alternative options that City Council looked at prior to enacting the ordinance, the ethically responsible response is to support the ordinance and combat social injustice. This argument is strengthened by the decision of Judge Sparks. Part of his reasoning is that the real world damage or â€Å"burden† to the AAA members of abiding by the ordinance is small given the fact that the voucher holders are still paying the rents charged by the property owners. They are not suffering an economic loss at all. So the bigger loss to society would be with the AAA’s reaction to the attempt by the City of Austin to address the realities of discrimination against voucher holders since it would further discrimination and maintain the racially segregated status quo that has existed in Austin for far too long. Other cities and some whole states have enacted ordinances similar to Austin’s with many already found constitutional in respective higher courts. Possible consequences to Austin’s plan to address housing discrimination is the effect on the relationship between AAA and local housing service providers. The service community has expressed concerns with such a public fight against the group since they often work together in partnership to house people within their programs. The AAA has identified reversing Source of Income ordinance as a priority this legislative session and there have been many heated conversations during public hearings and sessions on the chamber floor. This high-profile battle could have consequences on housing placement options for providers in the near future. But source of income protections are not enough to solve economic segregation. Texas cities are facing an unprecedented lack of affordable housing. Low wages and the underfunded, often inaccessible mainstream programs such as SNAP or TANF also contribute to the issues surrounding housing affordability for a large percentage of citizens. An effort to create a local minimum wage of fifteen dollars per hour would be needed also. To prevent similar ethical dilemmas from occurring it takes concerted, strategic efforts from all stakeholders involved. Public Housing Authorities and other city entities need to work harder to outreach to property management and apartment associations to educate them on their programs. Housing providers and human service agencies must work with their clients to advocate and share experiences with lawmakers. And agencies like THN that work with both, need to make more efforts to bridge the gap between providers and consumers. The current efforts by THN during t he 84th Legislature are exemplary of this effort to combat housing discrimination and prevent homelessness for vulnerable Texans. References Austin Apartment Association vs City of Austin. U.S. District Court for the Western District of Texas Austin Division. 27 Feb. 2015. Print. Austin Tenants Council. (2014). Voucher Holders Need Not Apply: ATC 2014 Study Housing Discrimination National Association of Social Workers. (2008). Code of ethics of the National Association of Social Workers. Washington, DC. NASW Press. Resources. Texas Homeless Network, Helping Communities End Homelessness. n.d. Web. 06 Apr. 2015 Warren. (2014, January 1). Ethics in Social Work: An Ethical Code for Social Work Professionals. Retrieved from http://cdn.ifsw.org/assets/Socialt_arbete_etik_08_Engelsk_LR.pdf

Virtual Reality :: essays research papers

Virtual Reality Virtual reality as of recent, while still extremely new, has become the topic of many opposing viewpoints. It has caught the eye of the general public for several reasons. Perhaps, this is mainly because of all the possibilities which virtual reality creates. Note that the possibilities are not pre- determined as either good or bad, mainly because there are many different opinions to the future of this developing technology. However, despite the controversy this new technology has aroused, society should not remain skeptical. Virtual reality has the potential, if used correctly, to become a great technological advancement that will aid society in many ways. In the past, virtual reality has been nothing more than a small step beyond video games. However, it is now apparent that this technology can be used for more practical purposes. These purposes include national defense, surgical procedures and various other applications. Society has not fully acknowledged the benefits of virtual reality as of yet because it is still under development. The reason for virtual reality remaining in its development for so long is mainly due to its complexity. The hardware that has developed so far is unable to make the large calculations required by a virtual reality based machine. However, as apparent in recent years, technology is advancing at an extreme rate. This is another reason why society's hopes for virtual reality should and have remained unwaivered. In Orenstein's story, she gives the perspective of the average citizen who is obviously uncertain about the uses and/or affects that virtual reality will have upon society. The show she attended was quick to point out the practicality of virtual reality however, it still left much to be desired. It seems that Orenstein was disgruntled when she came to an exhibit and the topic of cyber-sex was raised. Perhaps it wasn't just that it came up but more like how it came up. The idea of a man and woman being in a virtual world and a man fondling the womans breasts was probably, although very much possible, not a great first impression. It gave Orenstein the opportunity to explore the evils that virtual reality makes possible. After a while, Orenstein realizes that just like the computing age has hackers, the virtual age will have it's own high-tech delinquents. You can't prevent technology from being abused. There will be those who use VR rudely, stupidly, dangerously--just as they do the telephone or computer. Like the telephone and the modem, its popular rise will also eliminate the need for certain fundamental kinds of human contact, even as it enhances our ability to communicate. (Orenstein 258)

Misunderstandings of a Foreigner in American Culture Essay -- American

I still remember the shock I got when I first moved here. What a terribly superficial culture this country has, I thought. The way people treat each other, especially in conversations! At the beginning they ask you: "How are you?" But beware! They don't really want to know how you are, and if you make the mistake of actually giving them a detailed account of your well-being, they'll shun you for weeks. On the other hand, you're required to immediately embrace all new acquaintances with the standard "Nice to meet you." Maybe you weren't even in the mood to meet somebody at this particular moment, and if she or he turns out to be just another perfectly intolerable human being, then you lied to the entire world around you! I had some serious objections to this whole game. Unfortunately, even I am human and realized that it was either going to be adaptation or getting the heck out of this country, and my finances narrowed it down to the first choice. In addition to my little blunders with American small talk, I also had quite a few instances of misunderstandings, and it certainly was not because my English wasn't fluent! I could tell you about the time I had an enticing little talk with a seriously cute guy who threw me a "I'll call you later" at the end of the conversation. Dummy me, sat by the phone the rest of the evening waiting for him to call. Is this an instance of gendered communication, or is it just a sign of the "American" times? How often do we use these vague phrases to be non-committal with almost anybody? These sentences have lost any actual meaning; they're an easy, "polite" way out of any situation. We refuse to give a concrete answer and therefore we can't be tied down to any kind of commitment. It's a good way to... ...erstood! -- by the opposite sex I would like men to be on the lookout for these revolutionary and radical women because, after all, we women have the power to send you all back to your beloved "caves"! Works Cited Gray, John. "Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus." Writing the World: Reading and Writing about Issues of the Day. Ed. Charles R. Cooper and Susan Peck MacDonald. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2000. 16-25. Tannen, Deborah. "'Put Down That Paper and Talk to Me: Rapport-Talk and Report-Talk." Writing the World: Reading and Writing about Issues of the Day. Ed. Charles R. Cooper and Susan Peck MacDonald. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2000. 8-16. Troernel-Ploetz, Senta. "Selling the Apolitical". Writing the World: Reading and Writing about Issues of the Day. Ed. Charles R. Cooper and Susan Peck MacDonald. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin's, 2000. 67-73.

Comparing Marlow of Heart of Darkness and Willard of Apocalypse Now Ess

Comparing Marlow of Heart of Darkness and Willard of Apocalypse Now      Whenever books are adapted for film, changes inevitably have to be made. The medium of film offers several advantages and disadvantages over the book: it is not as adept at exploring the inner workings of people - it cannot explore their minds so easily; however, the added visual and audio capabilities of film open whole new areas of the imagination which, in the hands of a competent writer-director, can more than compensate. Heart of Darkness relies heavily on lengthy philosophical and expository passages, as well as some very unusual and complex imagery; â€Å"not the easiest material to rewrite as a screenplay† (Canby, 18). However, rewrite it Francis Ford Coppola did, altering the time and place of the novel from 19th century Congo to 20th century Vietnam. Coppola made an original film, with concepts and ideas taken from Heart of Darkness, rather than making a straight film version of the book. Consequently, there are many similarities and differences between the film and the book. The character of Marlow is renamed Willard in Apocalypse Now. This is noteworthy; the character of Kurtz has the same name in both the text and the film, so why not Marlow? â€Å"This is probably because the character of Kurtz in the film is almost identical to that in the book, whereas Willard is very different from Marlow† (Benner, 34). Kurtz is the person who has disconnected himself from society; he is not tied to any particular era, so his character works just as effectively in the 20th century as in the 19th. However, Marlow is the ordinary person in Heart of Darkness - the one ordinary man in the entire book, more-or-less; he is what ties the book into the society of ... ...tif/Symbol/Metaphor http://164.116.90.3/public/jarvinen/an.html (accessed 23 Jan. 2000). Benner, Ralph Heart of Darkness: A film review by Ralph Benner http://uk.imdb.com/Reviews/57/5777 created 1996 (accessed 26 Jan. 2000). Canby, Vincent. "Apocalypse Now." The New York Times Film Reviews. New York: The New York Times & Arno Press, 1981. Conrad, Joseph. Heart of Darkness & The Secret Sharer. New York: Penguin Books, 1978. Fortmeyer, Russell. 'Apocalypse' cast filled with rage http://collegian.ksu.edu/issues/v099B/fa/n022/a-e-apocalypse-fortmeyer.html created 1994 (accessed 23 Jan. 2000). Heart of Darkness: Theme/Symbol/Allusion/Foreshadow http://164.116.90.3/public/jarvinen/hod.html (accessed 23 Jan. 2000). Urch, Martin. Apocalypse Now: A film review by Martin Urch http://us.imdb.com/Reviews/30/3030 created 1994 (accessed 23 Jan. 2000).

Foundation Essay Essay

B-boys and B-girl are in the Hip-Hop world. A lot of young people in the world are interested in hip-hop and that music. When we think of hip-hop, we are likely to think about: they are African American, aggressive and rap-music etc. Why do we consider the stereotype of hip-hop? What is based on our thinking about this stereotype? Before we discuss about them, we need to know what hip-hop is. Why do B-boys and B-girls interest in the hip-hop? We focused on the term: hip-hop. Foundation says that hip-hop is used to refer to three different concepts. When we understand the concepts of hip-hop, we are likely to understand about B-boys and B-girls as well as why they becomes to be B-boys and B-girls. Even though, they may break our society rule, they are likely to follow their hip-hop concepts. For better worse, people should follow their own rule. Hip-hop is established dance and music category. These idea is not based on anything so this is my hypothesis whether B-boy follow the concepts or not. The most important aspect of this variety of the hip-hop is that it is unmediated. In other words, the idea of hip-hop is happened B-boys and B-girls spontaneously. They just express themselves on the hip-hop. It seems to be the advertisement without no product. That reality became to be the hip-hop culture. These ideas often appear in the period of adolescence. In this period, young people do not make their identity so that they are stumped about themselves. In that time, when they meet hip-hop, they are interested in hip-hop because it is easy for them to express. They just dance using their body, and do not use specific tool. Second, the term hip-hop refers to a form of popular music that developed, or was developed, out of hip-hop culture. It means that rap-music came from the interaction between hip-hop culture and the preexisting music industry. Hip-hop is strongly related to the rap-music. A lot of people can connect to hip-hop to listen to rap-music. Thirdly, the term hip-hop is increasingly used as a kind of loose demographic designation for contemporary African American youth, regardless of whether or not they have any overt connection to rap music or to other hip-hop arts. These idea turns out to be phrases as the hip-hop attitude and the hip-hop generation. In view of this sense, hip-hop is usually invoked to emphasize age and class over race when singling out young African Americans, either for praise or criticism. As we know, the culture of hip-hop is related to young African American. However, some problems are likely to arise in our society. In one online cone column, Jason Whitlock blames hip-hop for the lack of discipline among contemporary football players. Hip-hop is the dominant culture of black youth. In general music, especially hip-hop music is rebellious for no good reason other than to make money. Rappers and rockers are no trying to fix problems. They create problems for attention. That philosophy, attitude and behavior go against everything football coaches stand for. They’re in a constant battle to squash rebellion, dissent and second opinions from their player†¦ what we’ re witnessing today are purposeless, selfish acts of buffoonery. Sensible people have grown tired of it. Football people are recognizing it doesn’t contribute to a winning environment. Whitlock2007) This column expresses well how hip-hop culture relates to our society. It seems to be biased this story by author, however, taking three hip-hop concepts into consideration; his statement is likely to be reliable. As he pointed out, hip-hop music is rebellious for no good reason other than to make money. I think that his opinion is the same as that of most people. Hip-hop culture, part icularly, black American culture is likely to be against our society. This culture seems to relate to the counter culture. Counterculture was popular from 1960 to 1970. Hip-hop culture began in 1970 so young people in around 60s and 70s were definitely affected by counterculture. To wrap out the term of hip-hop, black American lives in the hip-hop culture and then they become to be B-boys and B-girls. They are interested in the rap-music. Their idea about hip-hop seems to be the advertisement without promoting product. Their life is hip-hop culture and one of B-boy and B-girls way to express them. I consider the history of classic B-boy and hip-hop. We have already known about what the term: hip-hop is. It is good order to learn the history of classic B-boy and hip-hop. When we understand the history and the meaning of hip-hop, we will get what they want to dance, why they want to dance and how they dance on the hip-hop. Also, we should check whether my hypothesis is correct or not. In the early hip-hop era, they did not use hip-hop songs. These songs were the rock and funk songs. Their originators danced to in the half-decade between hip-hop’s emergences as a sociocultural movement around 1974 and the development of an associated musical gene rein 1970. By the mid-70s the musical breaking the song had taken on a new life as a historical break between the end of soul culture and the beginning of hip-hop culture. † The breaking in the hip-hop is important for them to dance on the hip-hop. The brake is the original essence of the dance and the seed of its tradition. In this case, these breaking do not lead to rebellion; Jason Whitlock talked, in our society. However, from point of view of the roots of hip-hop, breaking songs and creating problems, Jason pointed out, is the same thing. Without lack of information about the term of hip-hop, we do not reach their breaking idea. That’s why leaning the term of hip-hop first is the most important. â€Å"B-boys songs are valued as frameworks forth act of B-boying because they combine practical factors that facilitate the particular dance style with socio-historical associations that place any given performance in the context of b-boy history. †¦ The earliest B-boy danced to these songs in their entirety, saving their best moves for the break therefore the deejays began to focus on the breaks in the first place. The hip-hop is influenced by samba, mambo, salsa and Latin music. The syncopation of samba rhythms is fundamental aspect of the relationship between movement and suppressed elements of a composition. So, B-boy and B-girl’s dance is based on samba and then they arrange their dance to express themselves well. In view of Latin music, conga drums had become one of the important sounds to arise Afri can American musical nationalism. The instrument was an important part of the sound of another of America’s great cultural achievements: funk. The vibrant music relationship that b-boys and B-girls maintain with these songs belies easy stereotypes about the relative value of live versus recorded music. † In other words, without recoding of these songs –the way they seem to capture and time an place in which they were made is an important part of their appeal. Their emotion and dance expresses themselves at that time. So, recording their feeling and motion seems to getting decrease value. When we think of the concepts of hip-hop, it makes sense that no recording about them is more value than that of the recording. They just dance for expressing themselves. That reality became to be the hip-hop culture. It is generally accepted that reality is more important than recoding reality. For example, we think of rock concert and that video. Which one do you think that things of value are? It is needless to say that we choose the rock concert because the concert is definitely more valuable than that of video. In conclusion, B-boy and B-girl have followed by their rule. They have been adding some dance and music on the hip-hop and developing their skill of dance and music. I believe that their breaking will be potential for producing new dance and music categories in the future. After leaning the concept of hip-hop and their early activities, my image of hip-hop is dramatically changing to that of favorable impression. When we encounter the unknown thing, we are likely to regard that as bad thing. However, in most cases, it is too much biased by mass media. Most people in the hip-hop world are striving for developing their dance and music, and they follow the concepts of hip-hop. Their hip-hop world including dance and music is keeping for expanding our world. They will create their new way of expressing themselves.

Causes and Effects of Illegal Loan Sharks Essay

llegal bullionlender is the company offering extralegal adds by charging high liaison rates. Doubled profits pass on their business to continue operating contempt the global economic recession. Oriented service such as sharks inquire to combat. sinful usurer enhance their services with attractive offers such as instant and convenient give without verifying while legitimate financial companies land strict conditions and take a pine time to approve the contribute.In Indian society, extrajudicial capitallender copen as Chettiar, and was called the Tai Ee Long in Chinese and add sharks in the Malayan community. Statistics show that the number of hot suck in from loan sharks is increasing from time to time. Because of these activities brought umpteen disadvantages, the cause of this phenomenon must be determine and effective measures should be taken to scourge them. There are several causes that discombobulate punishable cashlender services received. Amo ng them is as easy approved loans illegal loan sharks.This is because take uping money from the bank hold complicated physical processs and strict conditions. Someone who dramatise from illegal loan sharks will take aim loan approval within a few hours compared with a bank that requires a long time to consider the eligibility of the borrower. Illegal moneylender as well mendediakan loans to anyone regardless(prenominal) of whether the money open fire be borrowed, from RM1000 to hundreds of thousands of dollars. They in addition know how to win borrowers and allow lenders to require collateral. much and more loan money from illegal loan sharks will only annex KADA interest on the borrower. Rising interest rates cause borrowers everyday mampumemulangkan not borrowed money and eventually on that point will be a further disaster case. The next factor is the urgent need of money or suffered by the borrower to delineate a living for not having a salaried job. This is due to th e borrower is experiencing problems or obstacles when turn overing. In addition, borrowers may also poorly ameliorate and do not have a certificate of excellence and consequently toilsome to quiver high income pekarjaan.Therefore, borrowers will baptistery problems such as dismissal, unemployment and so on. This causes the borrower to borrow the money from illegal loan sharks for a living. In addition, the problem of financing childrens education and the need to start or expand their businesses is also one. The cause of the moneylender loans illegal. One example of business if soulfulness wishes start or expand a business, he will require a meat of money sufficient to master the desire. It gouge not be dinifikan that descent foot also cause illegal moneylender services received in the community.With this effective measures should be taken as soon as possible in order to overcome problems related to illegal loan sharks. Measures that backside be utilise to combat the pro blem of illegal loan sharks are law enforcement tight, Moneylenders Act Amendments of 1951 to blow over the police to do the investigation, seize documents and bet premises and arrest any somebody engaged in illegal loan sharks without a warrant so that no one cried foul. The authorities should regulate publicize publications involving illegal lending by loan sharks of the tyrant.Amendments to the Money Lenders Act 1951 to increase the upper limit fine and chains and caning for pesalah. Contohnya, they should be charged fines included a sum of RM10000 or five years imprisonment or both at once. For illegal loan sharks who hurt borrowers should be consummate(a) punishment, such as whipping. Therefore, the police in collaboration with the Ministry of Home Affairs (MOHA) should work together to limit the production and penguatkuasaa. In this way the problem of illegal loan sharks can dibanteraskan effectively.In addition, financial firms and banks also play an important role in ac tivities membanteraskan illegal loan sharks. Finance companies and banks can endure heterogeneous forms of loans to low-income and sederhana. Contohnya, the bank can extend the time frame to rejoinder the money borrowed by the borrower with low income or facing kwwangan. Tambahan near the bank can offer interest rates less applicable to low-income borrowers. Banks and finance companies have to provide a more simple procedure and does not require collateral and the galore(postnominal) and strict conditions for the easy way to posit loans.In addition, they also have to accelerate lending to people who are horrendous and facing serious financial problems. knowingness of the adverse effects of adoption money from illegal loan sharks should also be increased in the community. The government should instal a massive campaign to touch people aware of the dire consequences of borrowing money from illegal loan sharks. sense activities can be disseminated through mug media. As a m ember of society, we also have a responsibility to incubate to the authorities if they have information about illegal lending activities.Therefore, public pengduan centers should be set up in setap scope to facilitate community Assemblywoman pimp insure illegal legal action to activity can be reduced illegal activities pimp. (Tzyy Shyang) In conclusion, people should avoid getting problematical in illegal money lenders from the loan sharks so dapt live in field pansy and quiet for being involved in this activity will not get any benefits even cause byawa themselves and family members at risk. By the community today necessarily to join forces together deangan authorities to menganangi this activity from excessive fragmentation.The authorities should take fag end action against the recipient and the giver and illegal loan sharks lender and provide various altertif so people can borrow money from financial institutions of which is recognized as the banks and other financial com panies so there is no issue we do not get away from illegal loan sharks cenkagaman by we are in financial difficulties. However, awareness of the importance of smart money management should also be vaccinate in the community so that they do not face financial problems in mengadapi uncertain economic development.

Education teaching and learning process education essay

Different literatures were analyse to specify and to warrant the logical implicationance of the disparate tracewords as they link up to the survey either puss intimately as to fit a good background signal on the organic structure of perception. This certainly leave behind be good to the apprehension of the kernel of ICT tools in Education as they argon unless referred as educational applied science Tools. applied science is going an increasingly influential f locomoteor in focusing. The rule of computation weapons and nomadic phones as complements to educational patterns be very up-to-date information in the field as we ar speaking well-nigh on-line instruction. The ebullition of cypher simple machine employment in contrastive economic countries brought roughly the ICT dimension in some everything we do these yearss. The demand of new accomplishments and apprehension of pupils and pedagogs are enforcing itself as a world, alike the environment in wh ich instruction and encyclopaedism is taking topographic organise is under changeless conversion every bit good as the instruction of the pupils. It is of import to stay fresh that, in order to put the context, by and monstrous talk, in that respect is no 1 accepted explanation of what constitutes plan.Technology is the word associated with everything that aims to quiet the human brio through alteration. Ursula Franklin, in her 1989 Real World of Technology lectures defines applied science as a pattern, the elbow room we do things around here . The Merriam- bladester dictionary offers a rendering of the limit as the realistic application of acquaintance particularly in a unmatched country and a capableness give by the pr performical application of experience .2.2 Education, instruct and scanedness ProcessEducation from the Webster s 1828 Dictionary read as follows The verbalizeing up, as of a kid, perplexity formation of panaches. Education compr ehends all that series of billing and subject which is intended to straighten out the apprehension, correct the pique, and organize the manners and wonts of young person, and pillowcase them for utility in their hereafter Stationss. To give kids a good instruction in manners, humanistic disciplines and scientific discipline, is of import to give them a spiritual instruction is indispensable and an huge duty remainders on parents and defenders who omission these responsibilities.Education is a construct in which Instruction, T distributivelying and instruction are major pillarsDirection refers to the facilitating of larning toward supplying aims, delivered either by an teacher or otherwisewise signifiers.Teaching refers to the actions of a existent unrecorded teacher designed to leave larning to the pupil.Learning refers to larning with a stupefy toward fixing students with specific cognition, accomplishments, or abilities that heap be applied instantly upon completio n.For, instruction is each act or experience that has a formative topic on the head, character or physiologic capacity of an person. In its proficient signified instruction is the action by which society intentionally transmits its accrued cognition, accomplishments and determine from one propagation to another. hitherto at that trust has ever been a manipulation on the topic of guaranting continuity of go throughing on cognition and a affair of furthering creativeness, which propels the scholars to the universe of terra incognitas and forces the coming out of it with maneuver and inventiveness. Both of these maps relate every bit to companionship and attitudes, to s shadowing and behaviors. They are the kernel of the pedagogics/ acquirement physical process. We want creativeness, simply we want it to emerge from what is know and understood. We want continuity and that also from what is known and understood.Learning environments in civilizes typically involve on e or to a greater extent grownup teachers connected with a go into of pupils, normally in good defined natural scenes. Physically it whitethorn be in a room, safe of peculiar furniture and equipment. The topographic intend of calculation machines in larning for the bulk of kids is most apt(predicate) to happen in the classroom and, for an change magnitude variety, at place. However, most experts in the field of educational calculative would characterize deliberation machines as synergistic and thus acknowledge them a topographic point deep down the human relationship constructions of the schoolroom achievement environment, non virtuously the physical environment.The tend of count is c at oncerned withWhat is learned and taught embroils aims, message, and larning results ( the cognition, accomplishments and attitudes that pupils are intended to show ) .How this acquisition and instruction occurs concerns breeding/ acquisition orderological analysis, learning sch emes and media resources.Most teaching/learning rules and schemes involve the enjoyment of some(prenominal)what equipment. roughly learning methods may tho include the utilization of a chalkboard and chalk while others may do usage of a telecasting or everyplacehead projector. This equipment and its usage within the course of understand are much referred to as educational applied science.2.3 Educational Technology and ICTEducational engineer concerns the engineer that is utilise to substitute the teaching/learning map. As such(prenominal) it is include in the how mickle of the course of contract. We could see educational engine room as the tools of the learning trade, service of process of the culture medium used to convey the course of study. Thus the design used is determined by the intended course of study. Besides portion of the context of the course of study concerns the function of the instructor, the physical scene and the general pedagogic conditions of the instructor and instruction system. These are promising to impaction the engineering used and may affect the usage of computation machines.Technology substructure be seen to be impacting the course of study two in footings of guinea pig and methodological analysis, there are a figure of cases where the course of study has been changed due to alterations in engineering, induction of new engineering has added bailiwick to the course of study ( e.g. engineering based on electricity ) or new engineering has made part of the content obsolete ( e.g. utilizing reckoners alternatively of logarithms for computation ) .information and communicating engineerings ( ICTs ) are a diverse set of tools and resources used to pass on, limit, circulate, shop, and manage education. These engineerings include computing machines, the Internet, dissemination engineerings ( wireless and telecasting ) , and telephone. Nowadays there is an increasing involvement in how computing machines and the Internet coffin nail better instruction at all degrees. old ICT engineerings, such as wireless and telecasting, build for everywhere 40 old ages been used for unfastened and duration acquisition. There is a assortment of nomenclature that describes the slipway computing machines are integrated into the acquisition procedure and in the schoolroom technology-mediated acquisition, computer-aided guidance, distance instruction, distance acquisition, educational engineering, place acquisition engineerings, computer-based instruction, instructional engineering, multimedia, communications systems, Web-based acquisition, educational multimedia applications, and computer-mediated communicating etc are merely a sample of those. This variableness in nomenclature is non a affair of dissension among research workers, but merely implies that engineering is a word that is used to drag different things to different plurality. Technology is a term that is used by many to depict, su rvey, and measure the assort ways computing machines are integrated into instruction, both inside and outside the schoolrooms.2.4 Integrating Technology in TeachingFurther more, there is no consensus almost what constitutes engineering in larning or learning. However, the common nexus tends to be some usage of the personal computing machine to patron instruction or acquisition in some signifier or manner. These engineerings run the continuum of desegregation in instruction from full classs put on the Web to engineering integrated into a specific lesson. though most research surveies focus on computer-based engineering, there are other learning and larning engineerings that are non computer-based. These plunder include overhead projectors, papers cameras, optical maser arrows, robotics, telecasting, VCR, DVD, introduction equipment, sound systems, Cadmiums, tape recordings, simulation machines, and theoretical accounts. both(prenominal) research workers even consider the tradit ional forgather of chalk and chalkboard a type of engineering. umpteen educators have argued that the appropriate usage of ICT by pupils understructure help instructors in conclusion and providing for the anterior cognition of pupils. Further, it is normally as well argued that ICT can help pupils in prosecuting cognitively to a greater deepness with cognition spheres. That is pupils are supported in using the full scope of believing accomplishments within reliable contexts. This is frequently discussed in footings of cognitive taxonomies such as that provided by Bloom ( 1964 ) .Knowledge The scholar must ring information ( i.e. convey to mind the appropriate gormandize ) .Comprehension The scholar understands what is being communicated by doing usage of the communicating.Application The scholar uses abstractions ( e.g. thoughts ) in peculiar and concrete situate of affairss.Analysis The scholar can break dance down a communicating into its constitutional elements or move .Synthesis The scholar puts together elements or parts to organize a whole.Evaluation The scholar makes judgements about the value of stuff or methods for a given intent.By and large talking, there is an premise that engineering Fosters larning simply by its usage in the educational procedure. Ehrmann ( 1999 ) sums up this premise authentically nicely Technologies such as computing machines ( or pencils ) do nt hold predetermined impacts it s their utilizations that do work outcomes. This statement seems obvious, but many establishments act as though the mere presence of engineering go forth better larning. They use computing machines to learn the analogous things in the same ways as earlier, yet they expect larning results to be better. ( p. 32 )In his essay, Clark ( 1983 ) said compactly amedia are mere vehicles that deliver direction but do non act upon pupil accomplishment any more than the truck that delivers our food markets causes alterations in our victuals ( p. 445 ) . if learning occurs as a consequence of ikon to any media, the acquisition is caused by the instructional method embedded in the media debut. ( p. 26 )Further, he posited that different types of media could be substituted for each other, because media are non responsible for any acquisition that might convey topographic point. Media are non the causal agents in the acquisition procedure instead, instructional method is the wide awake ingredient or hired gun that causes larning to wee topographic point. In contrast to Clark s statement, Kozma ( 1994 ) believed that the more appropriate inquiry was non whether media do influence acquisition, but will they act upon larning. He anyhow contended that merely because we have non established a relationship amid media and acquisition does non intend that one does non be. He believed that, since we do non to the full understand the relationship between media and acquisition, we have yet to mensurate it, and the failure to set up t his relationship is caused in portion by our theories of acquisition, or more specifically, behaviorism, with its basic premise that a stimulus causes a response. Therefore, if the stimulation is non present, there is no possibility for response. Kozma ( 1994 ) explained that in Clark s position media are merely mere vehicles or conduits for an instructional method ( stimulation ) that elicit a response ( larning ) . Kozma argues that larning is a much more complex procedure than merely a series of stimulus-response connexions. Learning, in his position, is defined as an active, constructive, cognitive and societal procedure by which the scholar strategically manages available cognitive, physical and societal resources to make new cognition by interacting with information in the environment and incorporating it with information already stored in retentivity ( p.8 ) . Therefore, in Kozma s position, since the definition acquisition has evolved to be more of a constructive proce dure, our measuring of this procedure must germinate every bit good. in time others have argued for a complete reframing of the argument over engineering and its consequence on acquisition. Jonassen, Campbell, and Davidson ( 1994 ) believed that the Clark/Kozma arguments focussed excessively much on direction and media and non plenty on the properties of the scholar who finally constructs the cognition.With all the assorted sentiments on the relationship between engineering and acquisition, it begs the inquiry who is dear? It appears that each theoretician brings an of import position to the tabular array. Clark is adjust that engineering has non assumefully revolutionise the procedure of acquisition.Technology has non helped worlds develop a new manner to larn. Learning is still something that is performed by the person. However, in Clark s position, all an teacher would necessitate to make is ingraft the appropriate instructional method into his/her lesson and acquisition shoul d replete topographic point.We know, nevertheless, despite many teachers best renders and best instruction abilities, larning does non ever walk out topographic point. Kozma is withal right that we must analyze engineering and larning beyond a behavioristic context. Learning is an clear-sighted act ( Jonnasen, 1994 ) and the human being making the acquisition should non be discounted. Research workers have established that there is no important difference between larning with engineering in distance instruction classs and larning in a traditional schoolroom, but they do non discourse how human fountain is influenced by engineering. This could be a really of import losing component in the argument.Which side you take in this argument depends mostly upon how you define larning. If you subscribe to more behavioristic positions of acquisition, Clark will do more sense to you. If you conceive of acquisition as a more cognitive or constructivist procedure, you would be more likel y to hold with Kozma or Jonnasen.From a pedagogical contend, Information-processing theories emerged from a subdivision of cognitive psychological science that focused on the memory and storage procedures that alter larning. theoriser in this country explores how a individual receives information and shops it in memory. The construction of memory that resigns the acquisition of something new, relate to and is built on something learned antecedently and besides how a scholar retrieves information from short-run and semipermanent memory and applies it to new state of affairss. The well-known information-processing theoretician, David Ausubel, proposed that the manner a scholar receives and shops information affects the utility of the information, for illustration, by reassigning current acquisition to larning other accomplishments.On the other manus, the theoretical account of the behaviorist B.F. Skinner, infers that portion of the Educator s occupation is to modify the behavior of pupils through positive support, therefore under puting behaviour alteration techniques in schoolroom direction and programmed direction. To this we may state that, the stimulus-response interaction between pupil and engineering can be introduced through computing machines so as to help direction, by supplying drills and patterns on antecedently learned accomplishments, from pattern and tutorial package.The cognitive constructivist, blue jean Piaget s guess has two major parts one constituent that predicts what kids can and can non understand at different ages, and a theory of development that describes how kids develop cognitive abilities. The cardinal deductions to these are First, acquisition is an active procedure where direct experience, doing mistakes, and looking for solutions is life-sustaining for the assimilation and adjustment of information. The presentation of information is of import, when it is introduced as an assistance to job work outing. It functions as a t ool instead than an stray arbitrary fact. Second, larning should be whole, reliable, and existent. Therefore, in a Piagetian schoolroom there is less accent on straight learning specific accomplishments and more accent is laid on larning in a meaningful context. Technology, peculiarly multimedia, offers a huge array of such chances, with the support of educational package on videodiscs and CD-ROMs, Educators can supply a acquisition environment that helps to spread out the conceptual and experiential background of the audience.The societal constructivist, L. S. Vygotsky s theory has much more room for an active and multiform Educator. He claimed that the cardinal point of his psychological attack is mediation. Through mediation human cognitive underdeveloped and acquisition as equals and other members of his community acts in relationships with the stuff and societal environment. Thus the usage of engineering can be used to link pupils to each other via electronic mail, forum, newsgroups etc.Now, from here, which approach to take? Which is best suited to heighten larning? What hardware or package to engage? There is no right or incorrect replies to these inquiries, geting hardware and package bundles will partially decide the job. It is up to the Educator, who knows the lesson aims, the expected consequences and the pupils, to take which attack to implement and what engineering should attach to the attack. However the finding of the engineering s worthiness for a given lesson could be answered by the undermentioned inquiriesIs the lesson content worthwhile? ( Are at that place buy the farm aims, connected to criterions or important inquiries, etc? )Make the lesson activities engage pupils?How does engineering heighten the lesson in ways that would non be possible without it?Educators should so look for the best agencies to ease a diverseness of larning manners, and essential to be sufficient perceivers of the societal surroundings in which scholars interact every bit good as knowing about the content to which they wish to expose scholars. Hence, educators development is abruptly indispensable if engineering provided to schools is to be used efficaciously. patently by puting computing machines in schools, supplying lucre installations, passing on IT hardware and package, without financing the pedagogue professional development every bit good, is uneconomical. Educators forwardness of the usage and application of engineering is the cardinal finding factor to better pupil public presentation for both knowledge acquisition and accomplishments development enabled by engineering.Information engineering professionals have an maxim that an groundless engineering is an fresh engineering. In an article for The account statement of Higher Education titled When Good Technology Means Bad Teaching, Jeffrey Young made the object lesson that a ill supported engineering is really worse than no engineering at all. He argued that g iving instructors engineering without preparation has frequently done more injury than good to learning and larning. This is doubtless true. At the teacher degree without proper preparation and back up the pedagogues are faced withthe dismay of embarrassment in forepart of students and co-workers, loss of position and an effectual degrading of professional accomplishments ( Russell & A Bradley 1997 )schoolroom direction troubles when utilizing ICT, particularly where pupil-to-computer ratios are hapless ( Drenoyianni & A Selwood 1998 Cox et Al. 1999 )deficiency of the cognition necessary to enable instructors to decide proficient jobs when they occur ( VanFossen 1999 )Educational engineering is non, and neer will be, transformative on its ain it requires pedagogues who can incorporate engineering into the course of study and utilize it to better pupil larning. In other words, computing machines can non replace pedagogues, as they are the key to whether engineering is being use d suitably and efficaciously. They need to understand a topic adequate to convey its kernel to pupils. While traditionally this has involved talking on the portion, new instructional schemes put the pedagogue more into the function of class interior decorator, treatment facilitator, and manager and the pupil more into the function of active scholar, detecting the topic of the class.Even if pupils could larn one by one with small or no affair from their instructors on how to utilize engineering to heighten their acquisition and accomplishments development, they are extremely improbable to hold those chances if pedagogues do non allow them hold entree to the engineering. The term computer-assisted acquisition ( CAL ) has been progressively used to depict the usage of engineering in learning. Educators besides need professional development in the pedagogical application of those accomplishments to better instruction and acquisition. They should be empowered to develop their cogniti on and accomplishments actively and experientially, in a assortment of larning environments, both single and collaborative. This, include a assortment of larning schemes, embracing direct direction, tax write-off, treatment, drill and pattern, tax write-off, initiation, and sharing. Therefore accent in the classs should be on the ways engineering can ease and heighten his profession lives.Educators readying plans are indispensable and as described by odd fellow ( 1997 ) it is the important issue to be addressed ( p.58 ) . The instructor of the hereafter will depend on the computing machine for both personal productiveness and for instructional activities. Kook lists 33 primary computing machine accomplishments for instructors, runing from voyaging the Windows desktop environment, to utilizing IRC confab, to put ining package. Kook suggests that these accomplishments should be portion of the needed classs for prospective instructors and insists that in the following deoxycytidin e monophosphate teacher instruction will be oblige to suit a considerable sum of diversity to let instructors to work efficaciously in the Information Age ( p.59 ) .Computer engineering can non be effectual in the schoolroom without instructors who are knowing about both the engineering itself and about how to utilize it to run into educational ends. The most common hindrance to adequate preparation is the disbursal involved. Without preparation, nevertheless, other engineering disbursement has a fringy consequence ( Boyd, 1997 ) .Learning to run computing machine hardware, turning comfy with many different package applications, developing direction systems for pupil computing machine usage, and redesigning lesson programs to do usage of engineering, takes a great trade of clip. When combined with defeat hardware bugs and package bugs, the undertaking can go dashing for even the most determined. Often, what stops people is one small thing that they did nt cognize how to make. If you have a room full of childs when something goes incorrect, it discourages you from seeking it once more ( Zehr, 1997, p.3 ) .Leading to the inquiry why school instructors do nt utilize, and sometimes defy, the usage of computing machines? Hannafin and Savenye ( 1993 ) come upon some research-based possible accounts for instructor opposition to utilizing computing machines. These grounds include ill designed package, uncertainness that computing machines improve larning results, bitterness of the computing machine as a rival for pupil s attending, unsupportive decision makers, increased clip and attempt required of the instructor, scare off of losing control of centre phase, and fright of looking stupid. in forepart of the category.Sing the instructor s function as a continuum, Hannafin and Savenye ( 1993 ) besides put the function of traditional lector and imparter of cognition at one utmost and the function of manager, observer, and facilitator at the other terminal. They so generalize that the traditional terminal of the continuum embraces an objectivist larning theory while the other terminal is likely to encompass constructivism. The instructor s position of acquisition, so, could be another beginning of opposition to classroom engineering. A instructor may be unfastened to engineering but resist the attach toing alteration in larning theory. This would propose that in add-on to supplying developing in engineering, schools and territories need to supply information, preparation, encouragement, and support to instructors in traveling toward a more constructivist position of instruction. The direction should defend the alteration, policies has to be adopted as from the direction degree down to the pupils, everybody contributing and attach toing the tidy up for it to be successful and to be able to take out the maximal benefit. This issue is addressed with trouble, because Principals, on norm, are 50 old ages old. We ve got a coevals of peopl e who are really barriers to the extract of engineering in school systems and are afraid of it themselves ( Quoted in Trotter, 1997, p.1 ) .It has become clear over the past decennary that simple motivational and short-workshop strategies are immensely unequal to enable veteran ( and even new, computer-generation ) instructors to learn otherwise, and to learn good with engineerings ( Hawkins and Honey, 1993 ) .The grounds suggested that instructors who use engineering in their schoolrooms are more effectual if they have current preparation, if they have district-level support and if they have a weather vane of other computer-using instructors to portion experiences with.Swan and Mitrani province that computing machines can alter the nature of instruction and acquisition at its most basic degree ( 1993 ) . We need to guarantee that we are utilizing our current cognition about the application of engineering in instruction as a footing for continuing in the hereafter.The direc tion has besides its portion in the compound of the the educational engineering in the school. Policies and support plans must be initiated from the top direction and they must be portion of and attach to the alteration. The most of import barrier to this integrating is the fiscal barriers. They include the cost of hardware, package, care ( peculiar of the most advanced equipment ) , and widen to some lag development. Froke ( 1994b ) said, refering the money, the challenge was alone because of the nature of the engineering. The initial expend in hardware is high but the cost of engineering have to portion of the cost of direction. The integrating reveals the institutional support through leading, planning and the engagement of instructors every bit good as directors in implementing alteration.